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  • Visibility of the constellations

    Most constellations can only be seen in the night sky in certain months. The exceptions are the circumpolar constellations, which stay above the horizon all year round. If you would like to see your star at a particular time of year, choose a suitable constellation when you name your star.

    Why constellations are only visible at certain times

    Over the course of a year, the Earth travels once around the Sun. Depending on the season, the Sun therefore stands between the Earth and certain constellations. These constellations are then in the sky during the day and set at night. Because it is too bright during the day, they cannot be seen in those months. Half a year later they stand high in the night sky.

    Circumpolar constellations

    Circumpolar constellations are so close to the celestial pole that they never set. Clearly visible all year round from Berlin are: Camelopardalis (Giraffe), Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Draco (Dragon), Ursa Major (Great Bear) and Ursa Minor (Little Bear). The Pole Star belongs to Ursa Minor, and the Plough is part of Ursa Major. From Sydney, the same applies to: Apus (Bird of Paradise), Chamaeleon (Chameleon), Hydrus (Lesser Water Snake), Mensa (Table Mountain), Musca (Fly), Octans (Octant), Triangulum Australe (Southern Triangle) and Volans (Flying Fish).

    How to read the table

    The table shows in which months each of the 88 constellations can be seen at 10 pm local time, using Berlin as the example for the northern hemisphere and Sydney for the southern hemisphere. A constellation counts as visible in a month if its centre is at least 12° above the horizon on at least one day, and as partly visible if only some of its stars reach this altitude. The values for Berlin are a good approximation for the whole of Central Europe.

    From Berlin, 50 of the 88 constellations are visible in at least one month. 35 constellations of the southern sky never rise high enough there. You will find them in the table with a grey bar for the northern sky.

    Visibility of all 88 constellations

    visiblepartly visiblenot visible10 pm local time, on at least one day of the month
    Constellation
    Northern sky (Berlin)
    JFMAMJJASOND
    Southern sky (Sydney)
    JFMAMJJASOND
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    Leo (Lion) Zodiac
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S
    N
    S

  • The constellation Antlia

    Antlia (Air Pump)
    Antlia (Air Pump) · Brightest star: α AntliaeShow constellation in the star registry

    Fact sheet

    Latin name
    Antlia (Ant)
    Brightest star
    α Antliae (α Ant)
    Relative brightness
    4.25 mag
    Hipparcos catalogue
    HIP 51172
    Area
    239 deg² (rank: 62 out of 88)
    Right ascension
    9h 26m 56s to 11h 05m 55s
    Declination
    -40° 25' 29'' to -24° 32' 33''
    Neighbouring constellations
    Hydra, Pyxis, Vela, Centaurus

    Visibility

    Northern skyBerlin
    Southern skySydney
    visiblepartly visiblenot visible10 pm local time, on at least one day of the month

    The constellation Antlia

    Antlia is a constellation of the southern hemisphere. Its brightest star is α Antliae, which has an apparent magnitude of only 4.25 mag. Antlia lies near the constellation Argo Navis, which was already one of the best-known constellations of the southern sky in ancient times. However, the astronomers of the 18th century divided Argo Navis into three parts, because they found it too large and too difficult to survey. In this way, the keel (Carina), the afterdeck (Puppis) and the sails (Vela) of the ship were created. Antlia lies north of Vela.

    History

    The French theologian Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille, who devoted his life to astronomy, geodesy and mathematics, introduced 14 new constellations of the southern hemisphere. In 1750, he set off on a four-year journey to the Cape of Good Hope in order to observe, among other things, the constellations of the southern sky. During this time, he catalogued almost 10,000 stars. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille named most of his new constellations after technical instruments. In this way, the constellations Sculptor, Fornax, Caelum, Antlia, Pictor, Microscopium, Reticulum, Octans, Horologium, Pyxis, Mensa, Telescopium, Norma and Circinus came into being. He also divided the large ancient constellation Argo Navis into the three constellations Carina, Puppis and Vela. His star catalogue of the southern sky was published in 1763, one year after his death, under the title “Coelum Australe Stelliferum”. What his 14 new constellations have in common is that they consist of relatively faint stars.

    The German engineer and physicist Otto von Guericke invented the air pump in 1650. A few years later, in 1658/59, the Irish natural philosopher Robert Boyle and the English physicist Robert Hooke developed the air pump further. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille was so enthusiastic about the invention of the air pump that he named a constellation after it. He called it “Antlia Pneumatica”.

  • The constellation Apus

    Apus (Bird of Paradise)
    Apus (Bird of Paradise) · Brightest star: α ApodisShow constellation in the star registry

    Fact sheet

    Latin name
    Apus (Aps)
    Brightest star
    α Apodis (α Aps)
    Relative brightness
    3.83 mag
    Hipparcos catalogue
    HIP 72370
    Area
    206 deg² (rank: 67 out of 88)
    Right ascension
    13h 49m 51s to 18h 27m 28s
    Declination
    -83° 07' 12'' to -67° 28' 48''
    Neighbouring constellations
    Triangulum Australe, Circinus, Musca, Chamaeleon, Octans, Pavo, Ara

    Visibility

    Northern skyBerlin
    Southern skySydney
    visiblepartly visiblenot visible10 pm local time, on at least one day of the month

    The constellation Apus

    Apus (bird of paradise) is a constellation of the southern hemisphere. It is circumpolar around the South Pole. This means that its stars are so close to the celestial pole that they never set as seen from Sydney. The constellation is therefore above the horizon all year round there.

    The constellation is faint and not easy to recognise in the sky. It lies between the south celestial pole and the constellation Triangulum Australe. The main stars of Apus are only about 13° away from the pole. Its brightest star, α Apodis, represents the tail feathers of the bird of paradise.

    History

    While the constellations of the northern hemisphere have been known since ancient times and are based on many different mythologies, many constellations of the southern hemisphere remained unnamed for a long time. It was not until the 16th century that people turned their attention to them. Between 1595 and 1597, the Dutch seafarers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser (chief navigator) and Frederick de Houtman (the captain's brother) mapped the southern sky on an expedition on behalf of Petrus Plancius. Influenced by their experiences on their voyage to the East Indies, they named a dozen constellations: Chamaeleon, Musca, Volans, Indus, Grus, Apus, Pavo, Phoenix, Dorado, Hydrus, Triangulum Australe and Tucana.

    The seafarers may have encountered the bird of paradise in the tropical rainforests of New Guinea, in the Moluccas (an Indonesian group of islands) or in the tropical north of Australia. The male birds of paradise have colourful, shining plumage and extremely long tail feathers, which they use to try to attract the attention of the females. For a long time, Europeans knew these feathers only as decorations on exclusive ladies' hats. The name Apus (genitive Apodis) comes from the Greek ápous (“footless”), because the skins of birds of paradise reached Europe without feet. Johann Bayer included the constellation in his star atlas in 1603 under the name “Apis Indica”. He took the name from Petrus Plancius's globe of 1598. “Apis” (bee) there was probably a misprint for “Avis” (bird); the “Indian bird” was meant. Today, however, its original name, bird of paradise, has become established.

  • The constellation Ara

    Ara (Altar)
    Ara (Altar) · Brightest star: β AraeShow constellation in the star registry

    Fact sheet

    Latin name
    Ara (Ara)
    Brightest star
    β Arae (β Ara)
    Relative brightness
    2.84 mag
    Hipparcos catalogue
    HIP 85258
    Area
    237 deg² (rank: 63 out of 88)
    Right ascension
    16h 34m 17s to 18h 10m 41s
    Declination
    -67° 41' 26'' to -45° 29' 10''
    Neighbouring constellations
    Scorpius, Norma, Triangulum Australe, Apus, Pavo, Telescopium, Corona Australis

    Visibility

    Northern skyBerlin
    Southern skySydney
    visiblepartly visiblenot visible10 pm local time, on at least one day of the month

    The constellation Ara

    Ara is a constellation of the southern hemisphere. It is partly circumpolar around the South Pole. This means that some of its stars are so close to the celestial pole that they never set as seen from Sydney. Part of the constellation is therefore above the horizon all year round there.

    The brightest star of the constellation is β Arae, which lies south of the tail of the constellation Scorpius. Its light takes about 600 years to reach Earth. The Milky Way runs through the constellation Ara. The Milky Way is a galaxy in its own right and consists of billions of stars. As a result, the constellation Ara gets its brilliance from several open clusters and globular clusters. Its most impressive globular cluster is NGC 6397, which, with a little luck, can already be observed with medium-sized binoculars. It is 8,000 light years away from Earth and is therefore the second closest globular cluster after M4 in the constellation Scorpius.

    History and mythology

    The constellation was already known to the ancient Greeks, and over thousands of years its stars have been interpreted by many different peoples. The Hebrews saw in the constellation the altar of Noah, which he built after the Flood, or the altar of Abraham, on which he was to sacrifice his son Isaac. Some star atlases also mention the centaur Chiron (constellation Centaurus), who sacrificed a wolf (constellation Lupus) on this altar. This interpretation arises from the proximity of the constellations Centaurus and Lupus: Aratus already describes how the centaur stretches out his hand towards the altar. However, no separate legend about this has come down to us.

    However, the best-known myth about the constellation Ara goes back to the Greeks. They believed that it was the altar at which Zeus and the gods swore to destroy the Titans. Zeus was a son of the Titan Cronus, who was then the ruler of the universe. Cronus had been warned that one of his children would destroy him. For this reason, he swallowed them. Only Zeus was saved by his mother. Many years later, Zeus returned and gave Cronus an emetic, after which Cronus vomited up Zeus's brothers and sisters. From then on, the gods (Zeus and his brothers and sisters) waged war against the Titans for 10 years. The gods won and divided the world among themselves. Poseidon became ruler of the sea, Hades ruler of the underworld and Zeus ruler of the sky.

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